Industrial fuel oil powers a vital role in many sectors of our economy. This processed petroleum product is extensively used to generate power for industrial operations, spanning from manufacturing and construction to agriculture and energy production. The characteristics of industrial fuel oil enable it a suitable choice for these demanding appli

Sputtering is a vital technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, namely, has emerged as a preferred method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with accurate thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, dislodging atoms that then deposit